Total population Mexican citizens: 132 million Mexican ancestry: 24 million Regions with significant populations 119,530,753 (citizens) (citizens) 14,481 12,286 9,377 7,239 6,625 6,460 5,254 4,357 4,187 3,500 3,070 2,432 2,351 2,141 Languages Spanish, English and (incl. 68 federally recognized indigenous languages) Religion 82.7% 9.7% 2.9% (incl. ) Related ethnic groups other Note A: This is the number of Mexican citizens in the U.S.
Including descendants, the enlarged Mexican-American community was estimated in July 2016 to be 36,255,589 amounting to 11.22% of total U.S. Population Note B: This is the number of Mexicans by birth in Canada, including ancestry the enlarged Mexican-Canadian community was recorded to be 97,055 in 2011. Mexicans (: mexicanos) are the people of the, a multiethnic country in. Mexicans can also be those who identify with the Mexican. The founded Mexico-Tenochtitlan in 1325 as an located on an island in, in the.
It became the capital of the expanding in the 15th century, until. At its peak, it was the largest in the. It subsequently became a of the. Today the ruins of Tenochtitlan are located in the central part of.
The modern nation of Mexico achieved independence from the; this began the process of forging a national identity that fused the cultural traits of indigenous pre-Columbian origin with those of European, particularly Iberian, ancestry. This led to what has been termed 'a peculiar form of multi-ethnic nationalism' The most spoken language by Mexicans is, but some may also speak languages from 68 different and other languages brought to Mexico by recent immigration or learned by Mexican immigrants residing in other nations. In 2015, 21.5% of Mexico's population.
There are about 12 million Mexican nationals residing outside Mexico, with about 11.7 million living in the United States. The larger Mexican can also include individuals that trace ancestry to Mexico and as Mexican. Mexican girls of European ancestry in, White Mexicans are of full or majoritary European descent. Given that the Mexican government does not conduct racial censuses that quantify the country's Eurodescendant population, estimations of this ethnic group's percentage within Mexico's population vary depending of the source, ranging from one tenth or one fifth to as high as 47%. The later figure, coming from a recent nationwide survey conducted by the Mexican government as a mean to address the problems of racism that Mexicans of mainly Indigenous or African ancestry suffer at hands of a society that favors light skinned, European looking Mexicans. Europeans began arriving in Mexico during the; and while during the colonial period most European immigration was Spanish, in the 19th and 20th centuries European and European-derived populations from and did immigrate to the country. According to 20th and 21th century academics, large scale intermixing between the and the native would produce a Mestizo group which would become the overwhelming majority of Mexico's population by the time of.
However according to church registers from the, the majority (73%) of Spanish men married with Spanish women. Said registers also put in question other narratives held by contemporary academics, such as European immigrants who arrived to Mexico being almost exclusively men or that 'pure Spanish' people were all part of a small powerful elite, as Spaniards were often the most numerous ethnic group in the colonial cities and there were menial workers and people in poverty who were of complete Spanish origin. Mexico’s northern and western regions have the highest percentages of population, with the majority of the people not having native admixture or being of predominantly European ancestry, resembling in aspect that of. In the north and west of Mexico, the indigenous tribes were substantially smaller than those found in central and southern Mexico, and also much less organized, thus they remained isolated from the rest of the population or even in some cases were hostile towards Mexican colonists.
The northeast region, in which the indigenous population was eliminated by early European settlers, became the region with the highest proportion of whites during the. However, recent immigrants from southern Mexico have been changing, to some degree, its demographic trends. The White population of central Mexico, despite not being as numerous as in the north due to higher mixing, is ethnically more diverse, as there are large numbers of other European and Middle Eastern ethnic groups, aside from Spaniards. This also results in non- (mostly French, German, Italian and Arab) being more common in central Mexico, especially in the country's and in the state of. Indigenous Mexicans. An Arab Mexican is a citizen of -speaking origin who can be of various ancestral origins. The vast majority of Mexico's 1.1 million Arabs are from either, or background.
The interethnic marriage in the Arab community, regardless of religious affiliation, is very high; most community members have only one parent who has Arab ethnicity. As a result of this, the Arab community in Mexico shows marked away from Arabic. Only a few speak any Arabic, and such knowledge is often limited to a few basic words.
Instead the majority, especially those of younger generations, speak as a first language. Today, the most common Arabic in Mexico include Nader, Hayek, Ali, Haddad, Nasser, Malik, Abed, Mansoor, Harb and Elias. Arab immigration to Mexico started in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Roughly 100,000 Arabic-speakers settled in Mexico during this time period.
They came mostly from, Syria, and and settled in significant numbers in, and the Northern part of the country (mainly in the states of, Chihuahua, and, as well as the city of and. The term 'Arab Mexican' may include ethnic groups that do not in fact identify as Arab.
During the Israel-Lebanon war in 1948 and during the Six-Day War, thousands of Lebanese left Lebanon and went to Mexico. They first arrived in Veracruz. Although Arabs made up less than 5% of the total immigrant population in Mexico during the 1930s, they constituted half of the immigrant economic activity. Immigration of Arabs in Mexico has influenced Mexican culture, in particular food, where they have introduced, and even created recipes such as. By 1765, which originated from the Middle East, were introduced into Mexico by the Spaniards. The fusion between Arab and Mexican food has highly influenced the cuisine.
Another concentration of Arab-Mexicans is in facing the U.S.-Mexican border, esp. In cities of in the U.S./Mexico, and across from with a large community (about 280,000), some of whose families have relatives in Mexico. 45% of Arab Mexicans are of descent. The majority of Arab-Mexicans are Christians who belong to the, and. A scant number are and of Middle Eastern origins. Afromestiza girls in Punta Maldonado, Afro-Mexicans are an ethnic group that predominate in certain areas of Mexico.
Such as the and the, Veracruz (e.g. ) and in some towns in northern Mexico. The existence of blacks in Mexico is unknown, denied or diminished in both Mexico and abroad for a number of reasons: their small numbers, heavy intermarriage with other ethnic groups and Mexico's tradition of defining itself as a 'mestizaje' or mixing of European and indigenous. Mexico did have an active slave trade since the early Spanish period but from the beginning, intermarriage and mixed race offspring created an elaborate caste system. This system broke down in the very late Spanish period and after Independence the legal notion of race was eliminated. The creation of a national Mexican identity, especially after the Mexican Revolution, emphasized Mexico's indigenous and European past actively or passively eliminating its African one from popular consciousness.
The majority of Mexico's native Afro-descendants are Afromestizos, i.e. Individuals with significantly high amounts of African ancestry make up a very low percentage of the total Mexican population, the majority being recent black immigrants from Africa, the Caribbean and elsewhere in the Americas. According to the Intercensal survey carried out by the Mexican government, Afro-Mexicans make up 1.2% of Mexico's population, the Afro-Mexican category in the Intercensal survey includes people who self-identified solely as African and people who self-identified as partially African. The survey also states that 64.9% (896,829) of Afro-Mexicans also identified as indigenous, with 9.3% being speakers of. Asian Mexicans.
Youths in Asian Mexicans make up less than 1% of the total population of modern, nonetheless they are a notable minority. Due to the historical and contemporary perception in Mexican society of what constitutes Asian culture (associated with the rather than the ), Asian Mexicans are of, and descent and Mexicans of descent are not considered to be part of the group. Asian immigration began with the arrival of to Mexico during the Spanish period. For two and a half centuries, between 1565 and 1815, many Filipinos and Mexicans sailed to and from Mexico and the Philippines as sailors, crews, slaves, prisoners, adventurers and soldiers in the assisting in its trade between Asia and the Americas. Also on these voyages, thousands of Asian individuals (mostly males) were brought to Mexico as slaves and were called 'Chino', which meant Chinese.
Although in reality they were of diverse origins, including Japanese, Koreans, Malays, Filipinos, Javanese, Cambodians, Timorese, and people from Bengal, India, Ceylon, Makassar, Tidore, Terenate, and China. A notable example is the story of (Mirra), an Indian girl captured by the Portuguese and sold into slavery in Manila.
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She arrived in and eventually she gave rise to the '. These early individuals are not very apparent in modern Mexico for two main reasons: the widespread of Mexico during the Spanish period and the common practice of Chino slaves to ' as Indios (the indigenous people of Mexico) in order to attain freedom. As had occurred with a large portion of Mexico's black population, over generations the Asian populace was absorbed into the general population. Facilitating this was the assimilation of Asians into the indigenous population. The indigenous people were legally protected from, and by being recognized as part of this group, Asian slaves could claim they were wrongly enslaved. Asians, predominantly Chinese, became Mexico's fastest-growing immigrant group from the 1880s to the 1920s, exploding from about 1,500 in 1895 to more than 20,000 in 1910. Nowadays people of different ethnicities coexist under the same Mexican national identity, although discrimination due to skin color still exists.
Ethnic relations in modern Mexico have grown out of the historical context of the, the subsequent Spanish period of cultural and genetic miscegenation within the frame work of the system, the revolutionary periods focus on incorporating all ethnic and racial group into a common Mexican national identity and the indigenous revival of the late 20th century. The resulting picture has been called 'a peculiar form of multi-ethnic nationalism'. Very generally speaking ethnic relations can be arranged on an axis between the two extremes of European and Amerindian cultural heritage, this is a remnant of the Spanish caste system which categorized individuals according to their perceived level of biological mixture between the two groups. Additionally the presence of considerable portions of the population with partly African and Asian heritage further complicates the situation. Even though it still arranges persons along the line between indigenous and European, in practice the classificatory system is no longer biologically based, but rather mixes socio-cultural traits with phenotypical traits, and classification is largely fluid, allowing individuals to move between categories and define their ethnic and racial identities situationally. Official censuses Historically, population studies and censuses have never been up to the standards that a population as diverse and numerous such as Mexico's require: the first racial census was made in 1793, being also Mexico's (then known as ) first ever nationwide population census, of it, only part of the original datasets survive, thus most of what it's known of it comes from essays made by researchers who back in the day used the census' findings as reference for their own works.
More than a century would pass until the Mexican government conducted a new racial census in 1921 (some sources assert that the census of 1895 included a comprehensive racial classification, however according to the historic archives of that was not the case). While the 1921 census was the last time the Mexican government conducted a census that included a comprehensive racial classification, in recent time it has conducted nationwide surveys to quantify most of the ethnic groups who inhabit the country as well as the social dynamics and inequalities between them. New Spain in 1819 with the boundaries established at the Also known as the 'Revillagigedo census' due to its creation being ordered by the Count of the same name, this census was Mexico's (then known as the ) first ever nationwide population census. Most of its original datasets have reportedly been lost, thus most of what is now known about it comes from essays and field investigations made by academics who had access to the census data and used it as reference for their works such as Prussian geographer. Each author gives different estimations for each racial group in the country although they don't vary much, with Europeans ranging from 18% to 22% of New Spain's population, Mestizos ranging from 21% to 25%, Indians ranging from 51% to 61% and Africans being between 6,000 and 10,000, The estimations given for the total population range from 3,799,561 to 6,122,354.
It is concluded then, that across nearly three centuries of colonization, the population growth trends of whites and mestizos were even, while the total percentage of the indigenous population decreased at a rate of 13%-17% per century. The authors assert that rather than whites and mestizos having higher birthrates, the reason for the indigenous population's numbers decreasing lies on them suffering of higher mortality rates, due living in remote locations rather than on cities and towns founded by the Spanish colonists or being at war with them. It is also for these reasons that the number of Indigenous Mexicans presents the greater variation range between publications, as in cases their numbers in a given location were estimated rather than counted, leading to possible overestimations in some provinces and possible underestimations in others.
Intendecy/territory European population (%) Indigenous population (%) Mestizo population (%) 16.9% 66.1% 16.7% 10.1% 74.3% 15.3% 06.3% 88.2% 05.2% 25.8% 44.0% 29.9% 13.0% 51.2% 35.7% 15.8% 29.0% 55.1% 20.2% 36.0% 43.5% 28.5% 44.9% 26.4% 14.8% 72.6% 12.3% 31.7% 33.3% 34.7% 10.4% 74.0% 15.2% 27.6% 42.5% 29.6% 30.8% 69.0% 51.7% 47.9% 89.9% 09.8% 30.9% 28.9% 40.0% 62.6% 05.5% 31.6% 25.8% 23.3% 50.8% 39.7% 27.3% 32.4% 13.6% 72.4% 13.8% Europeans are included within the Mestizo category. Regardless of the possible imprecisions related to the counting of Indigenous peoples living outside the colonized areas, the effort that New Spain's authorities put on considering them as subjects is worth mentioning, as censuses made by other colonial or post-colonial countries did not consider American Indians to be citizens/subjects, as example the censuses made by the would only count the inhabitants of the colonized settlements. Other example would be the censuses made by the, that did not include Indigenous peoples living among the general population until 1860, and indigenous peoples as a whole until 1900. 1921 census Made right after the consumation of the Mexican revolution, the social context on which this census was made makes it particularly unique, as the government of the time was in the process of rebuilding the country and was looking forward to unite all Mexicans under a single national identity. The 1921 census' final results in regards to race, which assert that 59.3% of the Mexican population self-identified as Mestizo, 29.1% as Indigenous and only 9.8% as White were then essential to cement the 'mestizaje' ideology (that asserts that the Mexican population as a whole is product of the admixture of all races) which shaped Mexican identity and culture through the 20th century and remain prominent nowadays, with extraofficial international publications such as and using them as a reference to estimate Mexico's racial composition up to this day. Nonetheless in recent times the census' results have been subjected to scrutiny by historians, academics and social activists alike, who assert that such drastic alterations on demographic trends with respect to the 1793 census are not possible and cite, among other statistics, the relatively low frequency of marriages between people of different continental ancestries in colonial and early independent Mexico.
It is claimed that the 'mestizaje' process sponsored by the state was more 'cultural than biological' which resulted on the numbers of the Mestizo Mexican group being inflated at the expense of the identity of other races. Grammar of Mexican language by Carochi Mexicans are linguistically diverse, with many speaking European languages as well as various. Spanish is spoken by approximately 92.17% of Mexicans as their first language making them the largest Spanish speaking group in the world followed by (45,273,925), Spain (41,063,259) and (40,134,425). Although the great majority speak Spanish de facto the second most populous language among Mexicans is due to the regional proximity of the United States which calls for a bilingual relationship in order to conduct business and trade as well as the migration of Mexicans into that country who adopt it as a second language.
is distinct in dialect, tone and syntax to the spoken in Spain. It contains a large amount of loan words from indigenous languages, mostly from the language such as: 'chocolate', 'tomate', 'mezquite', 'chile', and 'coyote'. Mexico has no official de jure language, but as of 2003 it recognizes 68 indigenous Amerindian languages as 'national languages' along with Spanish which are protected under Mexican National law giving indigenous peoples the entitlement to request public services and documents in their native languages. The law also includes other Amerindian languages regardless of origin, that is, it includes the Amerindian languages of other ethnic groups that are non-native to the Mexican national territory. As such, Mexico's recognizes the language of the who immigrated from the United States, and recognizes the languages of Amerindian refugees.
The most numerous indigenous language spoken by Mexicans is which is spoken by 1.7% of the population in Mexico over the age of 5. Approximately 6,044,547 Mexicans (5.4%) speak an indigenous language according to the 2000 Census in Mexico.
There are also Mexicans living abroad which speak indigenous languages mostly in the United States but their number is unknown. See also: Mexican society enjoys a vast array of music genres, showing the diversity of Mexican culture. Traditional music includes, and; on an everyday basis most Mexicans listen to contemporary music such as, rock, etc. In both English and Spanish. Mexico has the largest media industry in Hispanic America, producing Mexican artists who are famous in Central and South America and parts of Europe, especially Spain.
Some well-known Mexican singers are, and. Mexican singers of traditional music are, and. Popular groups are, and, among others. Since the early years of the 2000s (decade), has seen widespread growth both domestically and internationally.
Main article: from the in the 1940s and 1950s are the greatest examples of Hispanic American cinema, with a huge industry comparable to the Hollywood of those years. Mexican films were exported and exhibited in all of Hispanic America and Europe. (1944) by, was one of the first films awarded a at the in 1946, the first time the event was held after World War II. The famous Spanish-born director realized in Mexico, between 1947 and 1965 some of his master pieces like (1949), (1961) and (1963).
Famous actors and actresses from this period include, and the comedian. More recently, films such as (1992), (1993), (2001), and (2006) have been successful in creating universal stories about contemporary subjects, and were internationally recognised, as in the prestigious Cannes Film Festival. Mexican directors (, ), (, ), ( ), ( ), and screenwriter are some of the most known present-day film makers.
Non-religious (4.7%) Mexico has no official, and the imposed limitations on the church and sometimes codified state intrusion into church matters. The government does not provide financial contributions to the church, nor does the church participate in public education. However, is a national holiday and every year during and Christmas all schools in Mexico, public and private, send their students on vacation. In 1992, Mexico lifted almost all restrictions on the religions, including granting all religious groups legal status, conceding them limited property, and lifting restrictions on the number of priests in the country. Until recently, priests did not have the right to vote, and even now they cannot be elected to public office.
The is the dominant religion in Mexico, with about 82.7% of the population as of 2010. In recent decades the number of Catholics has been declining, due to the growth of other denominations (especially various churches and ), which now constitute 9.7% of the population, and non-Christian religions. Despite this, conversion to non-Catholic denominations has been considerably slower than in, and. Movements of return and revival of the indigenous (, ) have also appeared in recent decades. And have both made limited inroads, through immigration and conversion.